You may be saying the MRF
stands for “Man, Research Frustrating.” For those struggling with Capella’s
BMGT8032: Survey of research methods, or for other dissertation students
working on their proposal, here are a few thoughts.
Research questions 1.6.
Your research questions need to have clear measures, you have to be able to get
in touch with the participants, and they have to be stated in statistical
language. If you don’t have these three things, you don’t have
answerable research questions.
Sample size 2.2. Sample
size is a tricky thing, and maybe the order of writing has something to do with
this. Capella has this section as 2.2, which talks about the sample—fair
enough. However, since the preponderance of dissertations use a power
analysis, and the power analysis is different based on the statistics used, the
sample size justification (section 2.2) should go after, not before, the data
analysis plan 2.5. The best thing to do is to make sure you have the
correct analysis, then use G-power (which is free) or go to our membership
website page basic-membership for a write-up ($29).
Measurement 2.3: First of
all, this will become part of your dissertation, so make sure that you have
constructs that are measurable. If you are the first person to measure a
particular construct, expect a few extra months to pilot test the instrument,
then you still have to assess the reliability and validity of the new
instrument. Don’t reinvent the wheel—find a reliable and valid instrument
that exists. Worst case, adapt a reliable and valid instrument, and use a
change cross-walk in the appendix to show how your adaptation is different.
Data analysis plan 2.5.
The data plan is comprised of three components: which analyses are appropriate
to assess your research questions, what are the assumptions of the selected
analyses, and a justification of why the analyses were select. The
appropriate analysis is selected based on the way the research question is
phrased (i.e., “difference” questions presume ANOVA type analyses) and the
level of measurement of the variables (i.e., ANOVAs presume an interval or
ratio level dependent variable and a nominal level independent variable).
The assumptions of an analysis can be found on our website (www.StatisticsSolutions.com) or
elsewhere on the web. And finally, the justification of the analysis
combines the above two points by simply stating that given the research
question phrasing and the level of measurement, this particular statistical
test is appropriate.
Dissertation writing is a very complex and crucial task. And yet, finishing one’s dissertation is essential because a student does not get a degree without it. Writing a dissertation requires a student to do an immense amount of hard work.It also requires them to be very efficient. Not only does dissertation writing require hard work and dedication, it requires knowledge of how to actually go about writing a dissertation.Thus, it is especially difficult and problematic for students who are writing their dissertations for the first time.In other words, even if students are putting in the hard work necessary, they can still get very frustrated because many of these “first timers” do not even know how to begin their dissertation.
Students would benefit greatly from understanding that in the times when nothing seems to make sense, the best way to overcome the confusion is to plan things out. In the case of writing a dissertation, referring to a first chapter of dissertation methodology can always help as it can ease the overwhelming confusion students may feel when they face the task of writing their dissertation.Once a student has a clean chart of dissertation methodology in front of him or her, things start to make sense. Dissertation methodology is a chapter that carries the most important and necessary information about the subject of one’s research. Dissertation methodology generally includes the following steps:
The first thing that a student must do is decide the nature of his/her dissertation. He/she must decide whether his/her research is Qualitative or Quantitative? When deciding between Qualitative and Quantitative, one must consider a number of issues.Neither of the two methodologies is ‘simpler’ or ‘better’.The decision is merely based on what one wants the end of his/her dissertation to be. To decide the methodology, the student has to see the target audience and decide which methodology will easily help this audience understand the steps of the project. It also depends on the student’s research questions and targets. After choosing the approach, the student can analyze collected data. This can be done through methods like grounded theory, domain analysis, analytic induction, factor analysis, or cluster analysis etc. The dissertation methodology should be based on getting the most useful information in the most effective and practical manner.
Going through the following steps will make writing a Dissertation Methodology chapter much easier:
Sketch out a plan as an overview of the way your Dissertation Methodology would come out. It is fruitful to know your next step when you finish the one before it, as it helps in not missing out on any of the important aspects of the methodology.
Try to be patient, careful and attentive while writing those steps.
Time management is a very important aspect at this point.Planning while you are well aware of the vast amount of other things that you have to take care of is key.
Whatever information you gather, you should always cross check for its correctness.
While gathering the theoretical and literary data for dissertation methodology, you should bear in mind that the sources of that data should be authentic and clear to you.
It is always important to be logical and up to the mark in your methodology.This holds true, for instance, while giving examples and dividing parts and paragraphs.
Analyze your practical calculation and theory very carefully.
After finishing your Dissertation Methodology chapter, you will have a much more focused idea for your dissertation. Designing the most important part of your dissertations will clearly make the task of your actual dissertation very easy and clear.Additionally, it will help you in organizing your skills and knowledge for writing the dissertation.
Research Methodology is a critical component of any research exercise as it can make the difference between a completely irrelevant and a completely relevant exercise. Frequently, the research methodology underlying a multi-million dollar research project can make the difference between completely accurate and completely inaccurate results, although the underlying methods or processes may have been done accurately.
Research methodology is thus the foundation or general rules that determine the accuracy and validity of any research activity. It’s important to understand the difference between the terms ‘methodology’ and ‘method’, as the former refers to the general rules and guidelines pertaining to a set of methods, and explains why a specific strategy to address a specific research question is to be applied. Research methodology can cover the following three key areas of research:
·Survey design
·Data collection
·Data analysis
Research methodology will determine how a specific survey is to be designed and how large the sample population should be, in addition to other practical questions such as which scaling method to use, what kind of target population to which to address the survey, how the survey is to be disseminated and so on. Each of these components will constitute a larger body of knowledge and have its own impact on the outcome and validity of the survey. For instance, using a Likert scale as opposed to a True-False type of question can lead to substantial variations in the accuracy of the survey.
In the same fashion, telephone interviews versus mail-response interviews each has its own set of pros and cons. Data collection is thus another important aspect of the research methodology. Data analysis is an extremely important aspect to consider when conducting research. There are a number of different methods that can be applied to similar problems based on the type of response (multiple choice, true false, numerical, etc.), sample size and expected outcome. Furthermore, each type of test will have its’ own pros and cons. For instance, in testing significance of variables, parametric (t-test, z-test, ANOVA, etc.) or non-parametric (chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon signed-rank, etc.) tests may be used. Based on the specific features of a dataset, a specific set of methods will have to be adopted in order to produce the most accurate possible result.
Types of research methodologies
Research is typically categorized in two forms:
Qualitative: where variables are not quantified and judgment, inference and interpretation are required along specific qualitative analysis expertise, to generate results
Quantitative: where variables are quantified and scientific methods can be applied to generating a precise result which can be applied to building quantifiable results
Given the nature of each type of research, different research methodologies are applied to each type; for instance, while a qualitative research project uses techniques such as case study, ethnography, and discourse analysis, quantitative methodologies use experiments, interviews, surveys and the like. Each research methodology, in addition to prescribing specific methods for design, data collection and analysis, provides general guidelines as to applicability and validity.
In general, qualitative research methodologies share the following common characteristics:
They generally take place in a social setting
Involve social observation and interaction
Rely on inference and interpretation
Its drawbacks include but are not limited to the following:
Results are based on interpretation and inference which may lead to a significant ‘error’ possibility in across the board application
Given the significant social component of such studies, a lot of variability may be present in the results due to the presence of researcher bias, skill and participant composition
Quantitative research generally share the following characteristics:
Typically rule based, involve a substantial amount of calculation as opposed to interpretation
Frequently based on values assigned to a number of qualitative aspects
Produce a quantifiable, measurable result that can be applied to a number of different settings.
Drawbacks
A number of variables such as preference, value and importance cannot be easily quantified
Valuable input from the researcher is minimized, shifting bias error to the participant
Quantifiable results are not always ‘generalized’ and are very specific to a certain set of variables and conditions.
Above all, research methodology helps set the reasonable boundaries of a research project at the start, and anticipate the various problems that may be encountered during the activity.In addition to the said components, research methodology can be greatly influenced by the judgment, skills and beliefs of the researcher as well. There may be wide variations in the adopted methodology as time, funds and other resources permit.
The dissertation proposal is a critical step towards completing your dissertation, and graduation.Many schools such as Capella University and University of Phoenix have very detailed dissertation proposal forms that must be filled out to get the ball rolling.For example, at Capella’s Harold Abel School of Psychology they have a “Methodology Review Form (MRF).”While we hope that other dissertation students benefit by this writing, I will take sections of Capella’s MRF to discuss the aspects of dissertation proposal “Methodology Review Form (MRF).”
Capella’s Methodology Review Form is essentially a research methods form.For a great book on research methods, I strongly recommend reading John W. Creswell’s (2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Sage Publications).In it, Creswell talks about the purpose statement, the research question (MRF: Chapter 1 – Section F) and hypotheses (Chap. 1, Sec. F; Chap. 3, Sec. E, F), quantitative and qualitative methods.His section on Research Design (MRF: Chapter 1, Section E) is a terrific read and a great source to site.
Dissertation Proposal Topic
With all of the research ideas, how is a learner to pick one?You can look at articles that you’ve read and see if there is a twist to that topic.For example, did the research look at the data by ethnic group or socioeconomic status?Did the researchers do a pre-test and a post-test? Is there an interesting intervention that you can test?In short, you don’t have to change the world with your dissertation, just add to the body of knowledge, even in a small way. Find a topic that’s able to be tested.The variables involved in the research should be easily measured.Once you have a topic, you can begin a literature review, which may include how many students hire a dissertation consultant and the length of time students take to complete their dissertation proposal.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 1.1: Research Problem (Chapter 1, Sec. A and B)
Maybe the best way to talk about the research problem is to give a research example.I want to know if hiring a dissertation consultant (yes vs. no) affects the time spent (in months) in the dissertation proposal process.A researcher studied the impact of hiring a dissertation consultant on the time (in months) in completing their dissertation proposal.The research problem is simply stated, “Does hiring a dissertation consultant impact the time (in months) a learner spends to complete their Capella dissertation proposal.”
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 1.2 Purpose of the Research (Chapter 1, Sec. C)
In this section, you can state that the purpose of the study is to examine whether, and the extent to which, hiring a proposal consultant (yes vs. no) impacts the amount of time on the dissertation proposal writing approval process.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 1.3: Significance of the Problem.
(Chapter 1 – Section D)
In this section, the learner should talk about the significance of the research problem.Does it matter how long the dissertation writing process takes?Why would this be important?It could be important to the student because another semester in school could cost thousands of dollars, or impact promotion at their current job.The time it takes to complete the dissertation could impact the student’s quality of life.The time for the dissertation could impact whether the student finishes at all and could indicate good or poor support for Capella, and certainly impact the referrals that Capella receives from the student learners.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 1.4: Research Question
(Chapter 1 – Section F)
It may seem repetitive, but in this section, I believe you just rewrite the research question. The review form wants you to list subquestions if you have them.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 2.1: Research Design
(Chapter 1, Section E)
In the research design section, you want to describe your research as a Pre-experimental design, quasi-experimental design, an Experimental Design, or a Single participant design.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 2.2:Approach (Chapter 1, Section E)
In this section state the research design of your study.Capella lists designs such as experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental/descriptive. From Creswell’s text (p.168), the design seems to be a Pre-experimental design, Post-test only with non-equivalent groups.This research design is consistent with the research problem because the researcher is comparing group A (those with the intervention, i.e., obtaining a statistical consultant) with group B (a comparison group without the intervention of a statistical consultant).
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 2.3: Methodological Model (Chapter 1, Sec. E)
This is the section to state the particular quantitative model.For example, the simplest statistical method would be an independent sample t-test. The t-test is the appropriate statistic when examining the differences on a ratio-level dependent variable (i.e., the length of time to complete the dissertation proposal in months) by a categorical-level independent variables (i.e., whether statistical or proposal consulting services were obtained, yes or no).
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 4.4: Sample Size (Chapter 3, Section C)
In this section, the researcher is to state how many participants are needed (i.e., the desired sample size).Researchers call this a power analysis or statistical power.For each type of statistical test, there is a different sample size required.For example, for a correlation evaluated at the .05 level alpha, with a statistical power of .80 and a large effect size, 28 participants are desired, while for an ANOVA with two levels of the independent variables at the .05 level alpha, with a statistical power of .80 and a medium effect size, 128 participants are desired.
Sample size calculations do not have to be an ominous task.Just realize that different statistical tests require different sample size calculations.We be glad to assist with the sample size for your proposal.
Capella’s Methodology Review Form 6.5 Statistical Analysis
(Chap. Three, Sec. G)
In this section, describe for the reader the specific statistics you will use in your research.For example, if you are looking for differences on some dependent variable (e.g., time to complete the dissertation proposal) by an independent variable (hiring a dissertation consultant vs. not hiring a dissertation consultant), a t-test would be the appropriate statistic.If your research question seeks to examine whether hiring a dissertation consultant (yes vs. no) predicts the time taken to complete the dissertation proposal, a liner regression is the appropriate statistic.If you want to examine the relationship between time for the proposal and dissertation consultancy (yes vs. no), a point-biserial correlation is the appropriate statistic.
I founded a dissertation research and statistic consulting company, Statistics Solutions, Inc. (www.StatisticsSolutions.com, 877-437-8622) 16 years ago; I have a full staff of competent statisticians to address your dissertation proposal and statistical analyses needs.If you like what you read, bookmark the blog and pass it along to your colleagues in your community.I hope this helps you move forward in your academic career, and most importantly, move forward in life.ENJOY!
